Archive
136 articles published in this period.
FRI-STARKs are fast and trustless, but their proofs are megabytes wide. Groth16 is 256 bytes but needs a ceremony. STARK→SNARK wrapping resolves the tension — and it's why SP1 and RISC Zero can settle any ML inference on L1 for under 300k gas.
Solana agents get 400 ms — but only if they declare every account they'll touch before execution starts. The Sealevel write-lock model, hot-account contention, Jito tip economics, and what the declarative execution contract means for AI agent design.
PREVRANDAO costs roughly $88 per bit to bias. Chainlink VRF costs $2.43 per request. Here's how to choose the right randomness source for AI agents making on-chain decisions — and what breaks when you choose wrong.
An AI agent holding a raw ECDSA key is one model compromise from total loss. FROST's two-round DKG means the full private key never exists anywhere — not during setup, not during signing. Here's the mechanism, the Ethereum gap, and how Lit Protocol PKPs deploy it today.
CoW Protocol's batch auction design makes front-running structurally impossible — and that matters enormously for AI agents executing DeFi strategies at machine speed.
An on-chain agent's transactions prove what happened, not why. Three 2026 papers on trajectory anomaly detection show how to close that gap — and how the optimistic bisection game from rollups makes it slashable.
When a perp DEX's insurance fund runs dry, ADL force-closes winning positions first — ranked by profit %. Chitra 2026 proves no mechanism can be solvent, fair, and revenue-neutral. Hyperliquid Oct 10 2025: $2.1B closed, $653M via ADL, $45–51.7M haircut in 12 min.
Every EIP-4844 blob is secured by a KZG polynomial commitment — 48 bytes committing to 128 KB, verifiable in 50,000 gas. That efficiency required 140,416 people to collectively bury a secret for 69 days. Here's the math, the ceremony, and why Ethereum chose a different scheme for state.
An SP1 proof costs 327k gas on Ethereum mainnet. At a 30M-gas block target, a naive AI inference market maxes out at 91 verifications per block. SnarkPack's O(log N) aggregation collapses 1,000 proofs to a single 880k-gas verification — here's the mechanism, the math, and the latency tradeoffs.
Foundry forks freeze five properties of the Ethereum execution environment that are live, adversarial, and expensive in production: basefee, oracle prices, blockhash entropy, MEV competition, and TWAP accumulation. Each one silently misleads AI agents through testing.
ERC-4337 lets AI agents transact without holding ETH — but the alt-mempool has its own fee market, bundler economics, and MEV surface every builder must understand.
A single cryptographic primitive — the KZG polynomial commitment — quietly powers EIP-4844 blobs, zkEVM proof systems, and on-chain verifiable AI. You can verify one on Ethereum for 50,000 gas ($0.067 today). Here's the math, the ceremony, and why every zkML system depends on it.