Proof sizes for six ZK schemes at 1,000 computation steps — hover or tap a row to see the trust model, setup requirement, and primary source. Folding-based IVC (Nova, HyperNova) holds constant; batch STARKs and separate Groth16 proofs grow with depth.
Nova replaces expensive SNARK-in-SNARK recursion with a random linear combination that folds two R1CS instances into one — 10× less overhead per step. For N-step AI inference: O(N) prover work, one constant-size final proof. NANOZK delivers this at GPT-2 scale: 6.9 KB, 23 ms verify.